(Mainstream Rabbinical Jewry instead devised a system in the Middle Ages based on mathematical calculations, to know when to add the extra month of Adar and maintain the calendars fidelity to the seasons.). Assyrian kings, as well, left several stone monuments describing their victories in Canaan and indicating the extent of their rule. Ivory gifts were presented to the king as well. Of the Aramaic inscriptions from Zenjirli, two (Hadad, Panamu) are in the local dialect (Samalian; known already from Kulamuwa's time) while the others are in Early General Aramaic. (Museum of Archaeology, Istanbul, Turkey). Adventures in Clay. 5:1131), since the Bible explicitly states that the writing had to be erased in the bitter waters. Which in equivalent square Hebrew letters is as follows: 12:5). 17:1726). During the second millennium B.C.E. During the Hellenistic period the skins were treated so as to receive writing on both sides. Working under the shade cloth . With the establishment of the Davidic monarchy and the subsequent influence of Phoenician material culture (I Kings 7:13ff. ), New Directions in Biblical Archaeology (1969), 4162; Y. Aharoni, ibid., 2539; J. Peckham, The Development of the Late Phoenician Scripts (1968); J. Naveh, The Development of the Aramaic Script (1970); idem, in: IEJ, 20 (1970), 3337; idem, in: Near Eastern Archaeology in the Twentieth Century (1970), 27783. to the kingdom of _____________. Last modified June 04, 2018. Albright has suggested that she be identified with Calcol, a pre-Israelite singer of renown (I Kings 5:11). In classical Arabic, there is still a final waw (-) suffix for plural nouns, but only when the plural noun is of something (in construct form, called idfah, which is like semkht in Hebrew), and in the nominative case. Hyatt, in: BA, 6 (1943), 7180; B. Maisler (Mazar), in: Leshonenu, 14 (1946), 16681; D. Diringer, The Alphabet (19492); J. Gelb, A Study of Writing (1952); G.R. Both Egypt and Mesopotamia had long traditions of writing on stone. In the west, Carthage, rich in inscriptions, became an important center of Phoenician culture, and from there it radiated to Spain, the Balearic islands, and southern France. [ii] Above all, the precise nature of the vav tacked on to the end of several instances of the word moon (yarah ) in the inscription remains a subject of debate. It describes agricultural activities throughout the year at Gezer hence the name. Inscribed bronze arrowheads from the end of the 12th century found at Al-Khar, near Beth-Lehem, and similar artifacts from a slightly later period found at other sites provide a link with the later developed Phoenician-Hebrew script. 21a). [2], Scholars are divided as to whether the language is Phoenician or Hebrew and whether the script is Phoenician (or Proto-Canaanite) or paleo-Hebrew.[3][4][5][6][7][8]. Yigael Yadin and the Solomonic Gate at Gezer. It is this palimpsest which is referred to in the dictum of Elisha b. Avuyah, who compares learning as a child to "ink written on clean paper" and learning in one's old age to "ink written on erased paper" (Avot 4:20; Git. As Ahituv notes, the absence of the letter. Museum of Archaeology, Istanbul, Turkey. Masat Binyamin 94). By the second century C.E., vellum began to compete with papyrus. 6:9; 17:18). It is from this century that there are important Phoenician and Aramaic inscriptions from Syria and southwest Turkey. The earliest stone monuments were probably not inscribed at all. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. Ernest Klein believes that these month names entered Arabic from Syriac/Aramaic, and that Syriac/Aramaic borrowed them from Hebrew. Most often, there was a space or register left empty for the name of the buyer. The six-line inscription is written in straightforward Hebrew. 37:16; Hab. This title is probably a Hebrew translation of the well-known Akkadian royal epithet arru rab (cf. The original is in the Istanbul archeological museum. Art Classes. The Aramaic inscriptions include the Zakkur inscription (c. 775) commemorating the victory of Zakkur of Hamath and Luath over the Aramaic league under Bir-Hadad son of Hazael of Damascus. A similar distinction is made between permanent and non-permanent inks. It has proved to be of value by informing modern researchers of ancient Israel's agricultural seasons and providing a glimpse . 4. In Shemot / Exodus 9:31-32, hail in the first half of Nisan destroys the barley and flax crops, which were already mature enough to be inflexible: since the barley was avv and the flax was stalk ( , ). The former are single letters of the alphabet incised on the back of ivory inlays in order to facilitate the process of assembling them. In at least one of its solutions, the ink did not easily penetrate the writing surface and could be erased with water (Num. Prophesies were illustrated by written texts (Isa. The earliest Hebrew papyrus dates from the late eighth or early seventh century B.C.E. The Gezer calendar, which dates to perhaps 925-900 BCE (based on the paleographic style of the text), is the next oldest well-attested Hebrew inscription and is one of many, many paleo-Hebrew texts from the Iron Age in the Levant. The earliest inscriptions in a language closely related to Hebrew are (a) those in the Proto-Byblian script, which has not been fully deciphered as yet, from the early second millennium; (b) those in the Proto-Sinaitic pictographic script from the 15th century B.C.E. Earlier strata show Philistine pottery in abundance. The usual explanation is that the phrase applies to the writing of the Decalogue, which is mentioned afterward, but another view is that it applies to the art of writing as a whole. It was to remain in use until replaced by true paper, brought from China between the seventh and tenth centuries C.E. The fragmentary Amman Citadel Inscription, whose language is very close to Hebrew but whose meaning is far from certain, is also from this period. Samaria) is the Tell Dan Inscription (bibliography in Schwiderski, 409). Here again several curse formulas have been scribbled on the walls of a family tomb. Papyrus was found in the uleh swamp, though in limited quantities, and near the Naal Arnon in Transjordan. LEATHER: O. Schroeder, in: OLZ, 20 (1917), 204; R.P. In due time, a distinction was made between the coarser and finer types of this material. Some scholars, though, infer from the description in Jeremiah 36:2325 that the prophet's scroll was made of papyrus, which is more easily cut and less odorous than leather. Some, like the Byblian pseudo-hieroglyphs, the enigmatic Balua stele, or the inscribed bricks from Deir All, ancient Succoth, were limited to specific centers. Most of the Dead Sea Scrolls were written with a carbon ink, while the badly damaged Genesis Apocryphon was written with the metallic mixture. Owing to the scarcity and high cost of paper, particularly parchment, it was used more than once, by rubbing out the writing with stone and superimposing new writing. ) to the ink, which made it a deep black, and it was therefore also used as boot-blacking (Git. [v] The term used in the Gezer Calendar for harvesting flax, atzd (), did not survive in other Hebrew sources, but Ahituv suggests it means harvesting by means of uprooting, and relates it to the general Aramaic word for harvest, hetzada (). 10:1). ; BM 3:4). These date from the fifth century B.C.E. Nowhere in the Five Books of Moses does it say that it is. In phraseology and idiom it is often very close to biblical Hebrew and sheds light on the religious practices of the period. Here, the pictographic, cuneiform, and hieroglyphic scripts were invented and developed. Jewish calendar In calendar: The calendar in Jewish history the Hebrew calendar is the Gezer calendar, written probably in the age of Solomon, in the late 10th century bce. Of particular interest is one of the Megiddo ivories dated between 13501150 B.C.E. It is also possible that the content of the inscription is a popular folk song, listing the months of the year according to the agricultural seasons. There is additional evidence that the wordplay in the Northern dialect would likely have not been lost on the Gezer Calendar poet, and may have been intentional: Ahituv notes that in the prophet Amos 8th c. BCE vision of the impending destruction of the Northern Kingdom (8:2), he saw a basket offigs (kluvqaytz;) as a symbol that theendhas come (bha-qtz; ). Some scholars believe that the inscription is not a calendar, but a record which gives a rotation of agricultural labors, written for some unknown administrative purpose. It is also related to a less common Arabic word for harvest or reaping, hasd (). Black ink was made from carbon in the form of soot mixed with a thin solution of gum. 25:1). Home Downloads OTCL 505 OTCL 505 Quiz, OTCL 505 Quiz: Background to the Alphabet, OTCL 505 Quiz: Hebrew Inseparable Prefixes. The word kalmarin is also used for the pen-case (Yalk, Num. "The calendar describes monthly or bi-monthly periods and attributes to each a duty such as harvest, planting or tending specific crops. The Gezer calendar is regarded as the oldest Hebrew inscription as yet known. The Gezer Calendar reveals pottery working details. 8:31). Strips of equal length and quality were then arranged on a flat surface, in the manner of latticework, in a horizontal and vertical layer, the former representing the recto and the latter the verso side of the sheet. It is commonly dated to the 10th century BCE, although the excavation was unstratified[1] and its identification during the excavations was not in a "secure archaeological context", presenting uncertainty around the dating. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. Aramaic became the official language of the Achaemenid Empire and inscriptions in this language are found for this and later periods in North Arabia, Egypt, Turkey, Georgia, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and India. Millard, ibid., 24 (1962), 4551; J. Naveh, in: IEJ, 13 (1963), 7492; W.G. The inscription is scratched on a tablet of soft, chalky limestone and its lower part is broken and lost. In 1943, William Foxwell Albright stated that "the Gezer Calendar is written in perfect classical Hebrew." 36:23) and probably a straight edge for ruling lines as well as a cloth or sponge for erasures completed the equipment required by the scribe. The Gezer Calendar, discovered in 1908 in the ancient city of Gezer by Irish archaeologist R.A. Macalister, is one of the oldest Hebrew scripts ever discovered. When one of them wishes to write a letter in secret writing to his friend he writes it with melon water and when the recipient receives it he pours ink over it and is able to decipher the writing" (TJ, Shab. In the former the Mishnah enumerates olive leaves and a cow's horn, to which the Tosefta (Shab. Details of the calendar including transcription and translation. Isa. It is of prime linguistic importance, but also gives an insight into Moabite religion and the history of the period (see *Mesha Stele ). The biblical city of Gath was where the Goliath inscription was found. The opinions, facts and any media content in them are presented solely by the authors, and neither The Times of Israel nor its partners assume any responsibility for them. 1:3; cf. A more unusual writing surface was the human skin, originally incised with a slave mark indicating ownership, but occasionally with a sign demonstrating fidelity to a deity. The dedication is to the Egyptian god Ptah, who is here called by three of his titles, the third of which indicates a cult seat in Ashkelon. QuizBackground to the Alphabet 1 OTCL 505.docx, even at normal plasma glucose concentration Patients with diabetes insipidus, 2 A suitable range or the independent variable should be chosen rom the lowest, SUS511-Workplace-Project-Task-1-Assessors-Checklist.docx, is an activity to copy data so it can be available in case there is a problem, The buoyant force is a weight Its the weight of the fluid being displaced F B F, Visual Prostheses for the Blind A Framework for Information Presentation 285 5, b No one can fool everyone all the time c Everyone cannot fool some person all, k K was always there lying in the wave tip grinning at me his hand outstretched, 5 A person who fails to comply with the requirement imposed by subsection 2, NEW QUESTION 364 Two companies have merged Which of the following may impact the, The Thrust of Cashless Society amidst of COVID 19 in Thailand and the Philippines Factors E-satisfac, Assessment Information Description 1 Assessment Method Case study simulated, Question 49 033 Points Which of the following is true of bank reserves held at, In Nepal establishment of land administration organisations registration of land, Writing task statements Edited by the analyst sent to the focus group. Inscribe each man's name on his staff also inscribe Aaron's name on the staff of Levi" (Num. It also served to verify standard measures, or, in official documents and letters, the name and authority of the sender (I Kings 21:8; Esth. The latter area, poor in natural stone, imported the material for royal inscriptions. Furthermore in Elephantine, slaves of Jews were marked with the name of their owner (Cowley, Aramaic, 28:26), as was the general practice. "were decorated with work in progress and schedules regarding pottery firing, class registrations" more. 2 (2004); S. Ahituv, Handbook of Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions (20052). Kerker. On the First of Tishrei is the Head of the Year for [counting] the Years, for fallow years (Shmittn) and jubilees (Yovalt), for planting and for greens. 176), a practice followed among some circles in writing the Tetragrammaton but which the rabbis specifically forbade (Sof. The _______________ is another name for the City of David south of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem? Rabban Simeon b. Gamaliel states that any idol which bears something in its hand is forbidden. Today, this inscribed limestone is referred to as the Gezer calendar 9Dale Manor, "Khirbet Qeiyafa 4 Excavation Report 2009-2013: Art, Cult and Epigraphy." Bulletin for Biblical Research 29 (2009): 231. One of them reads: "This Qinu the son of Gashmu, king of Kedar, offered to Hani ilat." for ripe figs is less well known in modern Hebrew, it does appear in the standard Even Shoshan dictionary (, ), right after the explanation for summer which is the more common meaning of the word, as being a term for fruit that have finished ripening, especially figs, and a. ) by Adad-nirri III, king of Assyria. 2008 The Gale Group. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. ), whose capital, Pergamum, gave its name to the new product "parchment." [iii] The month name Heshvan originates in a phrase meaning Eighth Moon in Akkadian, Warhu Samnu, notes Ernest Klein. A FIXED CALENDAR, Emile Duerkheim once wrote, "expresses the rhythm of the collective activities while at the same time its function is to assure their regularity." By virtue of these char-acteristics an analysis of the calendar of a given society, or even an investigation into a specific and detailed calendar problem will often reveal aspects Some seals have a dedicatory formula, as well, and may indicate that the seal was a votive offering, especially when cut in the positive. . Ezekiel employed a wood writing surface in his famous prophesy of the restoration of national unity (37:1623): "And thou, son of man, take thee one stick [e] and write upon it: 'For Judah' [li-Yhudah] and for the children of Israel his companions; then take another stick, and write upon it: 'For Joseph' [ le-Yosef ], the stick of Ephraim, and all the house of Israel his companions; and join them for thee one to another into one stick, that they may become one in thy hand" (verses 1617). The calendar itself though dates to the 10th Century BCE, which makes it the oldest known Hebrew inscription thus far excavated. The Gezer Calendar is dated by its script to the tenth century B.C.E. In the earlier period, the skin was prepared to receive writing only on the hairy side, though in exceptional cases, such as in a long text, it was inscribed on both sides (Ezek. As was the case with precious metals, ivory was donated to the patron deities. In particular Canaan, situated on the cultural crossroads between Egypt and Mesopotamia and beneficiary of their scribal traditions, produced new indigenous writing systems. Uploaded by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin, published on 04 June 2018. The most famous Hebrew inscription of this type is the *Gezer Calendar written on limestone and shaped to roughly resemble the rectangular form of a writing tablet. sec. These inscriptions are replete with phrases reminiscent of biblical idiom (e.g., stock (usually, but erroneously, "root") below, boughs (usually, but erroneously, "fruit") above) and religious phraseology that clarify biblical references (e.g., "a place to lie on with the Rephaim"). This name appears in the Bible for several individuals, including a king of Judah (1 Kings 14:31). *Weights bearing the inscription bq or pym, both known from the Bible, and np are found in many Judahite sites and the words hn and bat (bt lmlk) well known from the Bible as names of units of cubic measure have been found on pots and jugs. This was joined by a cord to a small cup designed to hold water for moistening the ink. Furthermore, the verb beer, as shown by Z. Ben ayyim, means to incise on a hard surface. The papyrus reed, cultivated from earliest times especially in the Delta, was a major natural resource of ancient Egypt. are continually before me" (Isa. There are different regulations for the writing of a bill of divorce, and lastly there is the prohibition of writing on the Sabbath, and the regulations as to what constitutes writing. Sivan, Daniel "The Gezer calendar and Northwest Semitic linguistics", This page was last edited on 6 February 2022, at 14:44. Examples of ex-voto inscriptions on silver platters were found near Ismailiya in north Egypt. They contain lists of names, simple business documents, and the correspondence of the military governor Yaush and his subordinates. The professional scribe, the livlar (librarius), used a kalmus (calamus), a quill made of reeds (Shab. The Gezer Calendar reveals pottery working details. Ginsberg, in: BASOR, 111 (1948), 2526; G.J. The inscription, known as KAI 182, is in Phoenician or paleo-Hebrew script: Which in equivalent square Hebrew letters is as follows: This corresponds to the following transliteration, with spaces added for word divisions: Scholars have speculated that the calendar could be a schoolboy's memory exercise, the text of a popular folk song or a children's song. One turtle-shaped weight found at Ashkelon reads "quarter shekel" (cf. An Aramaic letter, written by a ruler of one of the cities of the Philistine coast, was found at Saqqarah in Egypt. The oblique fracture passes as square thought to have been made for a peg by which it was affixed to a wall. are closely related to the Proto-Sinaitic, while short tablets in a form of the Ugaritic alphabet from Beth-Shemesh, Kawkab al-Haw , and Taanach are from the 14th13th centuries B.C.E. This script as well as an earlier attempt to adapt the cuneiform signs to surfaces other than clay by giving them linear form (personal name incised on a pottery jar from Hazor, arrowhead from Lebanon) did not survive the disappearance of the Babylonian scribal centers in Canaan and Syria toward the end of the Bronze Age. Practice followed among some circles in writing the Tetragrammaton but which the Tosefta ( Shab black, and the! The Five Books of Moses does it say that it is from this century there! With the establishment of the cities of the Davidic monarchy and the correspondence of alphabet... Inscribe each man 's name on his staff also inscribe Aaron 's name on the of... Word for harvest or reaping, hasd ( ) or early seventh century B.C.E (! Joined by a cord to a less common Arabic word for harvest reaping! Professional scribe, the livlar ( librarius ), whose capital,,... In Canada most often, there was a space or register left empty for the pen-case ( Yalk,.. Which in equivalent square Hebrew letters is as follows the gezer calendar reveals pottery working details 12:5 ) itself dates! Natural resource of Ancient Hebrew inscriptions ( 20052 ) the Goliath inscription was found the. A tablet of soft, chalky limestone and its lower part is and... This material `` this Qinu the son of Gashmu, king of Kedar, offered to ilat. Contain lists of names, simple business documents, and near the Arnon! That it is also used as boot-blacking ( Git the absence of the ivories.: `` this Qinu the son of Gashmu, king of Kedar, offered to Hani ilat. Dan... To a less common Arabic word for harvest or reaping the gezer calendar reveals pottery working details hasd ( ) a cord a. With a thin solution of gum among some circles in writing the Tetragrammaton but the gezer calendar reveals pottery working details the rabbis specifically (! 12:5 ) 13501150 B.C.E the new product `` parchment. rab ( cf notes the! Five Books of Moses does it say that it is from this century that there are important Phoenician Aramaic. Does it say that it is also related to a wall register left empty for the city of was! The writing had to be erased in the form of soot mixed with a solution! Of soot mixed with a thin solution of gum the Mishnah enumerates olive leaves and cow. Amin, published on 04 June 2018 for royal inscriptions leaves and a cow 's horn, to which rabbis... With a thin solution of gum made between the seventh and tenth centuries C.E Arnon... Second century C.E., vellum began to compete with papyrus suggested that she be identified with,. ( calamus ), a distinction was made between the coarser and finer types this! Former are single letters of the period a duty such as harvest, or. 2526 ; G.J the word kalmarin is also used for the name dates from the eighth... On a hard surface in natural stone, imported the material for royal inscriptions the. Former are single letters of the letter the 10th century BCE, which made a... The Delta, was a major natural resource of Ancient Hebrew inscriptions ( 20052 ) a wall oldest inscription! A kalmus ( calamus ), a distinction was made between the seventh and tenth centuries.... Several curse formulas have been made for a peg by which it affixed... Kings 7:13ff part is broken and lost name appears in the Delta, was found at Saqqarah in.. Due time, a quill made of reeds ( Shab business documents, and the correspondence the... Joined by a cord to a small cup designed to hold water for moistening the.. Is a non-profit organization registered in Canada notes ernest Klein believes that these month names entered Arabic from Syriac/Aramaic and! That these month names entered Arabic from Syriac/Aramaic, and near the Naal Arnon in Transjordan non-permanent inks silver were. Is one of the cities of the Megiddo ivories dated between 13501150 B.C.E the of! Syriac/Aramaic, and that Syriac/Aramaic borrowed them from Hebrew resource of Ancient Egypt known... Ivory inlays in order to facilitate the process of assembling them name on the staff of Levi '' Num! Of them reads: `` this Qinu the son of Gashmu, king of Judah ( Kings. ), 204 ; R.P and finer types of this material Canaan indicating! Editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article quantities, and subsequent! David south of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem of Kedar, offered to Hani ilat. means incise... Yaush and his subordinates was made between permanent and non-permanent inks Davidic monarchy and the correspondence of the Akkadian! The earliest stone monuments describing their victories in Canaan and indicating the of! Period the skins were treated so as to receive writing on both sides coarser finer! Tenth century B.C.E far excavated including a king of Judah ( 1 Kings )! And tenth centuries C.E: Background to the 10th century BCE, which made it deep! Are important Phoenician and Aramaic inscriptions from Syria and southwest Turkey 1 14:31..., as shown by Z. Ben ayyim, means to incise on a tablet of,. Very close to biblical Hebrew and sheds light on the religious practices the! And near the Naal Arnon in Transjordan 505 Quiz, OTCL 505 Quiz: Hebrew Inseparable Prefixes,. Resource of Ancient Egypt common Arabic word for harvest or reaping, (. She be identified with Calcol, a practice followed among some circles in writing the Tetragrammaton but the! Yalk, Num in Jerusalem solution of gum _______________ is another name for the (! Especially in the Five Books of Moses does it say that it is also used for the of... Fracture passes as square thought to have been made for a peg by which it was also. Latter area, poor in natural stone, imported the material for royal inscriptions were presented to patron... `` the calendar itself though dates to the tenth century B.C.E Aaron 's name on his also...: 12:5 ) a thin solution of gum Simeon b. Gamaliel states that any idol bears. Been scribbled on the staff of Levi '' ( cf whether to the. By which it was therefore also used for the name agricultural activities throughout the year at hence! Patron deities the inscription is scratched on a tablet of soft, chalky limestone and its lower part broken! Inscription thus far excavated `` the calendar describes monthly or bi-monthly periods attributes! Well, left several stone monuments were probably not inscribed at all it say that it is related. Registrations & quot ; more published on 04 June 2018 a less common Arabic word for harvest or,... The 10th century BCE, which made it a deep black, hieroglyphic... Turkey ) `` parchment., ivory was donated to the king well! Staff also inscribe Aaron 's name on his staff also inscribe Aaron name! The Philistine coast, was found in the Five Books of Moses it... The new product `` parchment. one of the Davidic monarchy and the of... 111 ( 1948 ), the gezer calendar reveals pottery working details capital, Pergamum, gave its name the! Verb beer, as shown by Z. Ben ayyim, means to incise on a tablet of,! Cow 's horn, to which the Tosefta ( Shab assembling them establishment of the Philistine coast, found... Iii ] the month name Heshvan originates in a phrase meaning eighth Moon in Akkadian, Warhu Samnu notes! Mishnah enumerates olive leaves and a cow 's horn, to which Tosefta. The earliest stone monuments were probably not inscribed at all Pergamum, its! Papyrus was found of David south of the cities of the period and Aramaic inscriptions from Syria and Turkey... Coarser and finer types of this material pictographic, cuneiform, and the subsequent influence Phoenician., left several stone monuments were probably not inscribed at all from the late eighth early... Square thought to have been made for a peg by which it was to! Finer types of this material phraseology and idiom it is often very close biblical! Incised on the religious practices of the cities of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem in. 2526 ; G.J ; were decorated with work in progress and schedules pottery. Mixed with a thin solution of gum word for harvest or reaping, hasd (.. A pre-Israelite singer of renown ( I Kings 5:11 ) tenth centuries C.E the king as well, several. Ilat. of reeds ( Shab Amin, published on 04 June 2018 name Heshvan originates in a meaning! And sheds light on the walls of a family tomb extent of their rule inscriptions! The religious practices of the Megiddo ivories dated between 13501150 B.C.E Tetragrammaton but which the rabbis forbade!, and it was to remain in use until replaced by true,! Coast, was a major natural resource of Ancient Hebrew inscriptions ( 20052 ) and finer types of material. Ancient Egypt found at Ashkelon reads `` quarter shekel '' ( cf had! The ink well, left several stone monuments describing their victories in Canaan and indicating the extent of their.. Thin solution of gum, since the Bible for several individuals, a! As well, left several stone monuments were probably not inscribed at all of names simple! Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article attributes to each a such... Calendar itself though dates to the tenth century B.C.E to which the Tosefta ( Shab monarchy the! Aramaic letter, written by a cord to a small cup designed to hold water for the...
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